Thermal protection systems refer to a variety of materials and techniques designed to protect spacecraft and other vehicles from the extreme temperatures experienced during atmospheric re-entry or high-speed flight. These systems are crucial for ensuring the safety and integrity of the vehicle and its occupants. Thermal protection systems can include materials such as heat resistant tiles, ablative coatings, insulation blankets, and advanced ceramics. These materials are carefully selected and strategically placed on the exterior of the vehicle to dissipate or reflect the intense heat generated during re-entry. Researchers in this area focus on developing new and improved thermal protection materials and techniques, as well as studying the effects of heat on different materials and structures. They also work to optimize thermal protection systems for specific mission requirements and environmental conditions. Overall, thermal protection systems play a critical role in enabling safe and successful space missions, and ongoing research in this area is essential for advancing the capabilities of spacecraft and ensuring the safety of astronauts and payloads.